How to Become a Nurse Practitioner
A complete roadmap from RN to NP. Learn about education requirements, specialty options, certification exams, and state licensure.
The Path to Becoming an NP
Earn Your Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN)
4 yearsMost NP programs require a BSN. Some offer direct-entry MSN programs for non-nurses.
Options:
- Traditional BSN program (4 years)
- ADN-to-BSN bridge program (1-2 years if you have ADN)
- Accelerated BSN for career changers (12-18 months)
Gain RN Clinical Experience
1-2 yearsMost NP programs require 1-2 years of RN experience. Some direct-entry programs don't require prior experience.
Recommended Experience Areas:
- Medical-surgical nursing
- Critical care / ICU
- Emergency department
- Primary care clinic
- Specialty that matches your NP goal
Complete an Accredited NP Graduate Program
2-4 yearsEarn your MSN or DNP from a program accredited by CCNE or ACEN. Choose your specialty track.
Master's (MSN)
2-3 years
Traditional path. Most common for NP entry. 500+ clinical hours required.
Doctorate (DNP)
3-4 years
Highest clinical degree. Includes leadership and systems focus. 1,000+ clinical hours.
Program Requirements:
- 500-1,000+ supervised clinical hours
- Advanced pharmacology, pathophysiology, assessment
- Specialty-focused clinical rotations
Pass National Certification Exam
1-2 monthsCertification is required for state licensure. Choose ANCC or AANP based on your specialty.
ANCC
American Nurses Credentialing Center
- 150-175 questions
- 3.5 hours
- $395 exam fee
AANP
American Association of Nurse Practitioners
- 150 questions
- 3 hours
- $315 exam fee
Obtain State APRN License
2-8 weeksApply for APRN licensure through your state board of nursing. Requirements vary by state.
Typical Requirements:
- Active RN license
- Graduate degree from accredited program
- National certification in specialty
- DEA registration (if prescribing controlled substances)
NP Specialty Options
Family NP (FNP)
Primary care across the lifespan
Psychiatric-Mental Health NP (PMHNP)
Mental health diagnosis and treatment
Adult-Gerontology Primary Care NP
Adult and elderly primary care
Adult-Gerontology Acute Care NP
Acute and critical care for adults
Pediatric NP (Primary or Acute Care)
Care for infants through adolescents
Women's Health NP
Reproductive and women's health
NP Practice Authority Varies by State
State laws determine how independently NPs can practice. Understanding your state's regulations is important for career planning.